View source for Why Societies, Civilizations & Empires Fall?

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* [https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190218-are-we-on-the-road-to-civilisation-collapse Are we on the road to civilisation collapse? - Luke Kemp As part of my research at the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk at the University of Cambridge (2-18-19)]
* [https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190218-are-we-on-the-road-to-civilisation-collapse no single accepted theory for why collapses happen, historians, anthropologists and others have proposed various explanations, including:]
** CLIMATIC CHANGE: 
** ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:
** INEQUALITY AND OLIGARCHY:
** COMPLEXITY: - a measure of complexity
** EXTERNAL SHOCKS:
** RANDOMNESS/BAD LUCK:

* [https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190218-are-we-on-the-road-to-civilisation-collapse Tainter writes "Societies are problem-solving collectives that grow in complexity in order to overcome new issues. However, the returns from complexity eventually reach a point of diminishing returns."]
* Measures of Complexity 
** Another measure of increasing complexity is called Energy Return on Investment (EROI). This refers to the ratio between the amount of energy produced by a resource relative to the energy needed to obtain it. Like complexity, EROI appears to have a point of diminishing returns. In his book The Upside of Down, the political scientist Thomas Homer-Dixon observed that environmental degradation throughout the Roman Empire led to falling EROI from their staple energy source: crops of wheat and alfalfa. The empire fell alongside their EROI. Tainter also blames it as a chief culprit of collapse, including for the Mayan.
** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_complexity Social Complexity]